Esperanto Proper Noun Guidelines

  1. Personal Names

    • Keep original spelling of personal names (real or fictional).
    • Preserve capitalization and diacritics.

  2. Grammatical Marking of Names

    • Apply Esperanto grammar minimally and transparently.

    • Use:

      • -n (accusative): Paul-n
      • -a (adjectival): Medici-a familio

    • Hyphenate Esperanto endings.

  3. Established Esperanto Forms

    • Use canonical Esperanto forms where they are present in PIV as the primary form.
    • Biblical / mythological / classical figures: Jesuo, Moseo, Paŭlo
    • Countries, cities, peoples: Italio, Parizo, Anglio

  4. Titles and Honorifics

    • Translate titles, eg Sinjoro or Duko

  5. Noble Particles (da, de, von, van)

    • Retain unchanged, treat as part of the name, eg Leonardo da Vinci, de Medici

  6. Esperantization of Names (Marked Exception)

    • Permitted only in verse for frequent inflection or poetic rhythm

  7. Fictional and Fantasy Names

    • Same as real names.
    • Adapt only if the meaning of the name is narratively functional.

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